Poltical science - political philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Poltical science - political philosophy - Essay Example This distinction would suggest that he held philosophy in high regard and felt it was even necessary for the proper function of a society. This seeming inconsistency between the rigid restriction of philosophy among the people and the importance of philosophy to the proper governing of that society prompts the question; did Plato believe the philosopher posed a danger to the state or a benefit? To answer this question, it is necessary to delve into Plato’s description of the perfect leader which includes an investigation into the concepts of morality and ethics as well as an understanding of the restrictions and opportunities he envisioned for his ideal society’s exposure to philosophy. As seen in the writings of Plato regarding Socrates, which some will argue is a blending of the two philosophers’ ideas, one of the requirements for a leader is that he be a moral and ethical man. To be a moral and ethical man, it is necessary that this man must first know â€Å"his spiritual self as it really is, including all its shortcomings, strengths and potentialities† (Sahakian, Sahakian, 1966, p. 32). As Plato was a disciple of Socrates and the source of much of the information we have regarding much of what this man had to say, Socrates’ concept of ethics is relevant to an understanding of Plato’s views. According to Socrates, it is the man who does not know himself who cannot accurately judge his own capabilities and his own unique path to the greatest good based on accurate use of his strengths and knowledge of his weaknesses. Socrates takes this another step by suggesting that knowledge of oneself will instruct from within regarding those thin gs which are good (moral and ethical) and those things which are not. He suggests this by claiming that things that are good will make us feel happy inside while things that are bad will be immediately

International Trade Essay Example for Free

International Trade Essay Why has international trade become less risky, less costly and even less time consuming then the past? Will business confidence likely grow even more in the future? There are multiple reasons for these common questions. Firstly, international trade has become less risky because traditional trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. Now most international trade among developed nations is based on Free Trade. Currently, the regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent States. Secondly, international trade has become less risky because of falling trade barriers. Trade barriers are often criticized for the effect they have on the developing world. Because rich-country players call most of the shots and set trade policies, goods such as crops that developing countries are best at producing still face high barriers. Trade barriers such as taxes on food imports or subsidies for farmers in developed economies lead to overproduction and dumping on world markets, thus lowering prices and hurting poor-country farmers. In addition, international trade has become less time consuming because humans have more resources then the past did. We have planes, trains, cargo ships, pipelines and even transport trucks that haul massive trailers. Example, my father owns an automotive recycling company, if he orders a part from anywhere in Canada or the U.S. He can receive it within two days. A week at the max if things are ordered from china. Lastly, I think business confidence will grow in the future. With the new business opportunities, more jobs will be open and people wont have to get laid off of work! More income will be brought into the families home. Children will have the necessary education to consume a career. And hopefully the world will stop hiding terrible crisis’ and become balanced. This is why I think international trade has become less risky, less costly and even less time consuming than in our past.

Ethical behaviour in business

Ethical behaviour in business Ethics generally means motivation for group of people or community for ideas.   Attributes like honesty, trust, responsibility and your behaviour towards other people. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_ethical_behaviour , 2010). Ethical behaviour is very useful in all platforms of life and work. In our life it is helpful in all different relationships like manager and employee, employee and client or even in personal life relationships like father and son, Student and teacher. The use of ethical behaviour always pays us in long run. Ethics are a set of principles on which our life runs. Without ethics our life is worthless as we dont know what we are doing. Initially we learn ethics from our parents, teacher and society where we live. Ethical principles of ones life define their personality and values of life. It is a stepping stone of the success. A person cannot become successful in their life without having good ethical behaviour as your ethic reflects on other people. For example good for good and bad for bad. In this global world we deal with people from different places with different set of ethical behaviour considering their religious and cultural behaviour. While dealing with people from different culture and religion we need know their ethics so that we dont hurt them in anyway. In addition to this, positive approach is also a main concept in Ethical behaviour. It helps you to set aims and targets in your life. On other side negative ethical approach results in conflicts, loss and failure. A good example is Adolf Hitler whose negative ethical behaviour affects thousands of people. Benefits of Ethical behaviour are as follows:- The first thing is that it can grow a business to great heights. This is because doing what you should do will develop a discipline which will boost your work practices to a high level and set a high standard. It has been seen to promote teamwork among workers. This is because there is great respect placed in fundamental issues in the work place. It also builds confidence which will translate to trust among workers. Trust in your career is one invaluable attribute that is able to pave way to progress and great success. A positive ethical behaviour helps to influence others. Ethical business practices include assuring that the highest legal and moral standards are observed in your relationships with the people in your business community. This includes the most important person in business, customer. Short term profit at the cost of losing a customer is long term death for your business. A reputation for ethical decisions builds trust in your business among business associates and suppliers. Strong supplier relationships are critical to a successful business. Consider the problems you might have if you could not supply what the customer needsat the time that they need it. (http://www.entre-ed.org/_teach/ethics.htm) The imperatives of day-to-day organizational performance are so compelling that there is little time or inclination to divert attention to the moral content of organizational decision-making. Morality appears to be so esoteric and qualitative in nature that it lacks substantive relation to objective and quantitative performance. Besides, understanding the meaning of ethics and morality requires the distasteful reworking of long-forgotten classroom studies. What could Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle teach us about the world that confronts organizations approaching the twenty-first century? Possibly a gap in philosophical knowledge exists between organizational executives and administrators of different generations. Yet, like it or not, there has and will continue to be a surge of interest in ethics. The word ethics is often in the news these days. Ethics is a philosophical term derived from the Greek word ethos meaning character or custom. This definition is germane to effective leadership in organizations in that it connotes an organization code conveying moral integrity and consistent values in service to the public. Certain organizations will commit themselves to a philosophy in a formal pronouncement of a Code of Ethics or Standards of Conduct. Having done so, the recorded idealism is distributed or shelved, and all too often that is that. Other organizations, however, will be concerned with aspects of ethics of greater specificity, usefulness, and consistency. (http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~danielp/soc/sims.htm) A good example of ethical behaviour is Hindu ethics. Hindu ethics is mainly subjective or personal, its purpose being to eliminate such mental impurities as greed and egoism, for the ultimate achievement of the highest good. One cannot achieve good ethical behaviour if you have greed and ego in you for others. Hindu ethics defines the humans position in society regarding other people and social welfare. Objectives of Hindu ethics is to help the members of society to rid themselves of self-centredness, cruelty, greed, and other vices, and thus to create an environment helpful to the pursuit of the highest good, which transcends society. Hinduism further speaks of certain universal ethical principles which apply to all human beings irrespective of their position in society or stage in life.( http://www.hinduism.co.za/ethics.htm ) Another example of ethical behaviour is from my practical experience. There are high ethics I have seen at my work place. Ethical behaviour and its effects on other staff members have been considered very seriously. On the team member notice board there is a special corner on which ethical behaviour at work place has been written which is for everyone from high post to entry level. The ethical behaviour is defined very closely to the companys values and culture. The entire employees have given a right to speak if unethical decisions such as cheat, steal etc, have happened at work. Conclusion:- Yes i believe that the use of ethical behaviour will pay off in long run plays a vital role in our life. If a person has a good ethical values he will always be remembered by his colleagues or friends or society. ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN BUSINESS WORLD : 2) In business ethics plays a vital role. For success of organization we need to develop a set of values and define the ethical behaviour at workplace. It is very difficult to define ethical behaviour at work place as hardly two people has same set of ethical values but in organization they have to follow values which suites everyone. As we all know that in todays competitive business environment ethical behaviour is must to follow to gain healthy profit and to make a growth for the company or organisation. Ethics work on different proportion in business world. For example: financial sector and sales sector, property sector and etc.of the company or organization. Ethical behaviour works on two paths, good ethical behaviour helps in the progress of the company but unethical behaviour becomes a disaster for the company. Whereas unethical behaviour for the company lead to decrease in the output of the company or organization. It also results in the bankruptcy, loss of customers and decline in production. Ethical leadership is a leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others As leaders are by nature in a position of social power, ethical leadership focuses on how leaders use their social power in the decisions they make, actions they engage in and ways they influence others. Leaders who are ethical demonstrate a level of integrity that is important for stimulating a sense of leader trustworthiness, which is important for followers to accept the vision of the leader. These are critical and direct components to leading ethically. The character and integrity of the leader provide the basis for personal characteristics that direct a leaders ethical beliefs, values, and decisions. Individual values and beliefs impact the ethical decisions of leaders. Leaders who are ethical are people-oriented,and also aware of how their decisions impact others, and use their social power to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests. In ethical leadership it is important for the leader to consider how his or her decisions impact others Ethical leaders prove as boon for the company or an organization as they can lead easily their co-workers and employees because ethical leaders easily deal with different people from different cultures. Ethical leaders works on the principles on the profit of the company. For good organization leader should tell their employees about their performance updates and such values like teamwork, ambition, honesty, efficiency, quality, accomplishment, and dedication. Traditionally, the view of leadership has been that the main goal of leaders is to increase production and profits. The traditional view of leadership is slowly diminishing, as more theorists are asserting that leaders also have the responsibility for ensuring standards of moral and ethical conduct. Good leadership refers not only to competence, but to ethics and transforming people as well. Ethical leaders play an important role in society because they are motivating other people, they are giving a direction to other people to do that work or task like they are telling. They are creating a path for those people those influence from them. you can take a example of Mahatma Gandhi. He will always be remembered by his ethical behaviour as always stood for the good and always thinks about the goodwill of the people and not for himself only. Non-violence is the major thing that people follow from him. Ethics is a body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behaviour of individuals and groups. While ethical behaviour is based on a set of values and principles, ethical behaviour goes beyond mere belief; it also encompasses actions of individuals, groups and organizations. For there to be ethical behaviour in an organization, leaders must not only state a belief in a set of actions, their actions as a leader must be in alignment with those values and beliefs. The leader must work to establish clear business practices within the organization that reward and promote positive ethical behaviour and promote the reasoning and consequences of ethics as strongly as they promote business results. In time all individuals and teams must be able to follow the ethical decision-making process involving; moral awareness (recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma), moral judgment (deciding whats right), and ethical behaviour (taking action to do the right thing) .They can only do this if an organizational culture has been developed that clearly defines its values and supports actions in alignment with those values. Because individuals may have different values and cognitive ability that influences their ability to recognize and act ethically, leaders must ensure that training, rewards, recognition and consequences are clearly defined in the organization in order to help individuals act accordingly.( http://businesstraining.com/resources/promoted-ethical-behaviour-in-modern-world/)

Hills Like White Elephants :: Hills Like White Elephants Essays

Herodotus and ‘Rhampsinitus and the Thief’ BY: Layla Brown Herodotus, the first Greek historian, has been called by some "the father of history" and by others "the father of lies." Born in 485 B.C to a wealthy family at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, he was exiled to Samos soon after his birth because of his family’s opposition to the Persian domination of Ionia. During his youth, he traveled widely, studying the manners, customs, and religions of the people he encountered. His histories are made up of tales told to him by people from Egypt, Syria, Babylon, Colchis, Paeonian and Macedonia. He was criticized by several ancient writers for creating stories and passing them off as the truth. Herodotus is most famous for the nine books he wrote on the rise of the Persian Empire, the Persian invasion of Greece in 490 BC and 480 BC, and the final Greek victory. Although it received quite a lot of praise and is still considered a masterpiece, itâ€℠¢s trustworthiness has been questioned both in ancient and modern times. The story that I’m covering is of Rhampsinitus and the Thief (pg. 277). This is a tale that Herodotus learned in Egypt and many believe that this anecdote was told to him by Egyptian priests, claiming it a true story. Herodotus, himself, didn’t actually believe this particular story but he felt it was his duty to report what he was told. Now, for those of you who didn’t read it, I’ll quickly give a brief synopsis of the story. A dying father tells his two sons how to break into the king’s vault, which he, himself, built. The father then dies, leaving the family with no way to support themselves. So the two sons begin their thieving. They manage to escape with the treasure three times before the king sets up a trap, in which one of the brothers gets caught. At his captured brother’s urging, the other brother cuts his sibling’s head off, taking it with his, so the family’s identity would not be known. The next day, the king was bewildered at the sight of a headless thief. He then ordered his sentries to hang the body on the outer wall and arrest anybody seen mourning the headless corpse. The two thieves’ mother, so absolutely distraught over the death of her son, threatens her surviving son, saying that if he didn’t collect the his brother’s body, she would turn him in herself.

The Lost Symbol Epilogue

Robert Langdon awoke slowly. Faces gazed down at him. Where am I? A moment later, he recalled where he was. He sat up slowly beneath the Apotheosis. His back felt stiff from lying on the hard catwalk. Where's Katherine? Langdon checked his Mickey Mouse watch. It's almost time. He pulled himself to his feet, peering cautiously over the banister into the gaping space below. â€Å"Katherine?† he called out. The word echoed back in the silence of the deserted Rotunda. Retrieving his tweed jacket from the floor, he brushed it off and put it back on. He checked his pockets. The iron key the Architect had given him was gone. Making his way back around the walkway, Langdon headed for the opening the Architect had shown them . . . steep metal stairs ascending into cramped darkness. He began to climb. Higher and higher he ascended. Gradually the stairway became more narrow and more inclined. Still Langdon pushed on. Just a little farther. The steps had become almost ladderlike now, the passage frighteningly constricted. Finally, the stairs ended, and Langdon stepped up onto a small landing. Before him was a heavy metal door. The iron key was in the lock, and the door hung slightly ajar. He pushed, and the door creaked open. The air beyond felt cold. As Langdon stepped across the threshold into murky darkness, he realized he was now outside. â€Å"I was just coming to get you,† Katherine said, smiling at him. â€Å"It's almost time.† When Langdon recognized his surroundings, he drew a startled breath. He was standing on a tiny skywalk that encircled the pinnacle of the U.S. Capitol Dome. Directly above him, the bronze Statue of Freedom gazed out over the sleeping capital city. She faced the east, where the first crimson splashes of dawn had begun to paint the horizon. Katherine guided Langdon around the balcony until they were facing west, perfectly aligned with the National Mall. In the distance, the silhouette of the Washington Monument stood in the early-morning light. From this vantage point, the towering obelisk looked even more impressive than it had before. â€Å"When it was built,† Katherine whispered, â€Å"it was the tallest structure on the entire planet.† Langdon pictured the old sepia photographs of stonemasons on scaffolding, more than five hundred feet in the air, laying each block by hand, one by one. We are builders, he thought. We are creators. Since the beginning of time, man had sensed there was something special about himself . . . something more. He had longed for powers he did not possess. He had dreamed of flying, of healing, and of transforming his world in every way imaginable. And he had done just that. Today, the shrines to man's accomplishments adorned the National Mall. The Smithsonian museums burgeoned with our inventions, our art, our science, and the ideas of our great thinkers. They told the history of man as creator–from the stone tools in the Native American History Museum to the jets and rockets in the National Air and Space Museum. If our ancestors could see us today, surely they would think us gods. As Langdon peered through the predawn mist at the sprawling geometry of museums and monuments before him, his eyes returned to the Washington Monument. He pictured the lone Bible in the buried cornerstone and thought of how the Word of God was really the word of man. He thought about the great circumpunct, and how it had been embedded in the circular plaza beneath the monument at the crossroads of America. Langdon thought suddenly of the little stone box Peter had entrusted to him. The cube, he now realized, had unhinged and opened to form the same exact geometrical form–a cross with a circumpunct at its center. Langdon had to laugh. Even that little box was hinting at this crossroads. â€Å"Robert, look!† Katherine pointed to the top of the monument. Langdon lifted his gaze but saw nothing. Then, staring more intently, he glimpsed it. Across the Mall, a tiny speck of golden sunlight was glinting off the highest tip of the towering obelisk. The shining pinpoint grew quickly brighter, more radiant, gleaming on the capstone's aluminum peak. Langdon watched in wonder as the light transformed into a beacon that hovered above the shadowed city. He pictured the tiny engraving on the east-facing side of the aluminum tip and realized to his amazement that the first ray of sunlight to hit the nation's capital, every single day, did so by illuminating two words: Laus Deo. â€Å"Robert,† Katherine whispered. â€Å"Nobody ever gets to come up here at sunrise. This is what Peter wanted us to witness.† Langdon could feel his pulse quickening as the glow atop the monument intensified. â€Å"He said he believes this is why the forefathers built the monument so tall. I don't know if that's true, but I do know this–there's a very old law decreeing that nothing taller can be built in our capital city. Ever.† The light inched farther down the capstone as the sun crept over the horizon behind them. As Langdon watched, he could almost sense, all around him, the celestial spheres tracing their eternal orbits through the void of space. He thought of the Great Architect of the Universe and how Peter had said specifically that the treasure he wanted to show Langdon could be unveiled only by the Architect. Langdon had assumed this meant Warren Bellamy. Wrong Architect. As the rays of sunlight strengthened, the golden glow engulfed the entirety of the thirty-three- hundred-pound capstone. The mind of man . . . receiving enlightenment. The light then began inching down the monument, commencing the same descent it performed every morning. Heaven moving toward earth . . . God connecting to man. This process, Langdon realized, would reverse come evening. The sun would dip in the west, and the light would climb again from earth back to heaven . . . preparing for a new day. Beside him, Katherine shivered and inched closer. Langdon put his arm around her. As the two of them stood side by side in silence, Langdon thought about all he had learned tonight. He thought of Katherine's belief that everything was about to change. He thought of Peter's faith that an age of enlightenment was imminent. And he thought of the words of a great prophet who had boldly declared: Nothing is hidden that will not be made known; nothing is secret that will not come to light. As the sun rose over Washington, Langdon looked to the heavens, where the last of the nighttime stars were fading out. He thought about science, about faith, about man. He thought about how every culture, in every country, in every time, had always shared one thing. We all had the Creator. We used different names, different faces, and different prayers, but God was the universal constant for man. God was the symbol we all shared . . . the symbol of all the mysteries of life that we could not understand. The ancients had praised God as a symbol of our limitless human potential, but that ancient symbol had been lost over time. Until now. In that moment, standing atop the Capitol, with the warmth of the sun streaming down all around him, Robert Langdon felt a powerful upwelling deep within himself. It was an emotion he had never felt this profoundly in his entire life. Hope.

Football in Islam Essay

Introduction Football is considered to be the best popular sport in the world and became widespread after the Second World War. This game has gained importance these days all over the world and has come to be a significant phenomenon throughout the world. We see people becoming preoccupied with football matches more than being concerned with the fate of the Muslims throughout the world especially Muslims country in the war such Palestine and Syria. This preoccupation with football has also become the concern of newspapers and magazines, and football matches are aired regularly on TV screens. Whatever news or stories relating to football clubs and players is publicised and all of this attracts people to sport and to players. Furthermore, the people’s emptiness and forgetfulness cause them to forget the main purpose of their creation and the real goal (of their lives) that they have to realise. This doesn`t mean football only shows negative impact at all, but we as a Muslims must beware and not make football as only purpose of life. We should make football as a sport that makes us healthy and strong so that we can be a good Muslim and preparation for jihad. Show support and message to world on Palestine after scoring goal. Brief history of Football and its different types. Football is a game played between two teams which each have eleven players. They use a pumped up ball on a rectangular shaped playing field which has a goal at each end for each team. Each team tries to get the ball pass the goal-keeper of the opposing team in order to gain a point (goal) and in order to gain superiority over the rival by achieving more goals. There are many stories of how and where football originated. Some of these are as follows: a. A football game existed in China as early as 206 B. C. (before century) By 500 C. E(common era), round balls stuffed with hair were being used. b. A game called â€Å"harpaston† was played in ancient Greece where a ball was propelled by any means across the opponents’ goal line, by the 2nd century B. C. it had migrated to Rome. Romans may have taken the game throughout Europe and England. c. There was a football game in 7th century Japan. d. Mob games played in medieval Europe where an inflated animal bladder was kicked, punched or carried. However, the first clear signs that this game was being played was in England immediately after the sudden death of a goal-keeper on 23 February 1585 In the year 1863 the British Football Association (FA) was founded and it was the English who developed it and then it transferred from continent to continent throughout that century. It remained like this for around seventy years until 1930 and the English would always be victorious over smaller inexperienced teams. After this period the Latin America football teams emerged and surpassed the teams in Britain and elsewhere. Today there are over 209 states that are members of FIFA and in most European cities weekly betting over football results take place, such as with the betting agency Toto. FIFA was established in Paris on the 21st May 1904 and under its jurisdiction formed the World Cup Championships in Monte Video, Uruguay. There are also other championships such as the European Championships, which is similar to the World Cup Championships, and was established in 1958 . Both the World Cup and European competitions are played every four years. In addition to the well known variety of football, the harms of which we are about to make clear, there are other regional forms of similar games wherein inflated balls are used and are also known as â€Å"football†. Such games are played in the United States of America, Canada, Australia and Ireland, and they are 1. American football A very violent game indeed, it emerged in Harvard in 1872 and it was derived from the tradition of Rugby and named â€Å"football† whilst what is well known as football around the world is named â€Å"soccer† in America. Each team consists of eleven players and they all use helmets on top of their heads and wear special protective clothing. 2. Australian football This game was founded in 1868 , the pitches that are used are of an oval shape whilst the ball resembles that of a Rugby ball. Each team consists of eighteen players and substitutes and fifteen who play on the actual pitch. Every player has an opponent and as for the other three they act as moving elements. When the ball passes the centre of the goal between an outer and inner post then the team scores a point. If an attacking team is able to put the ball through the two in near posts (of a set of four posts) then they score six points. 3. Canadian football Generally it resembles American football and has the same terminologies along with it yet with some differing rules. Each team consists of 12 players instead of eleven1. Why football become epidemic? As we know, football game has been epidemics in people all over the world including Muslims not only for men but also women. It had been so due to several factors. Firstly, the individual Muslim, living in a non-Muslim country, constantly faces a dilemma with regard to the environment in which he lives. In a country like South Africa where the Muslim community is a minority, it is not surprising that alien ideologies are unfortunately allowed to erode the Islamic code of life. The individual Muslim needs to be firm and strong in belief in order to avoid the various sources of temptation within this un-Islamic environment. Unfortunately, erroneous dictates of foreign cultures have become norms within the Muslim community. For example, perceptions that this world is an end in itself and as such life should be enjoyed by engaging in such activities which provide for maximum satisfaction of the desires. Worldly pleasures have gained priority over the more important abode of the Hereafter (Akhirah). In the sporting context, Muslims have also started believing that peace of mind can only be achieved through football. The Western media is flooded and obsessed with football. Almost every newspaper and many magazines make some sort of reference to football. Television is swamped with football. This widespread coverage of football has revolutionized Muslim homes. The ease of access to football due to television is a major reason why football has reached alarming proportions within Muslim society. Secondly, Muslim parents, teachers and even some Ulama openly encourage sport, without setting any limitations. The interests in football shown by Muslim adults together with a culture of hero worshipping of sportsmen have made children falsely believe that football is totally acceptable under all conditions. The common Muslim is seldom discouraged to become a football fanatic. Thirdly, football has become a norm within Muslim society. The Muslim who shows little interest in football becomes marginalised in public discussions. Muslims believe that football is an acceptable means of public interaction2. Benefits of Football. The benefits and advantages of football in today’s times have been classified in terms of physical, social, economic factors. a. Physical Benefits 1. Health and fitness Playing football is one of the important factors which contribute to good health. Many studies have been carried out in order to determine the effect of football on health. Generally, it has been shown that football, through physical exercise, can improve posture, promote physical fitness and good health. Modern medicine has also shown that playing footballs can prevent certain diseases such as obesity, heart disease and osteoporosis. From an Islamic perspective, physical fitness and physical strength are qualities which need to be developed, as can be seen from the following explanation by Moulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi (Rahmatullah alaih):†Hadhrat Abu Hurairah (Radiallahu anhu) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahualaihi wasallam) said: â€Å"A strong Believer is better than a weak Believer. † â€Å"This Hadith speaks of physical strength as is clear from the explanation of the hadith by the authorities of Deen. Physical power and strength are abilities which Allah Ta’ala loves in his servants. Physical strength has to be developed by Believers. Since this is desirable, it follows that it is a duty upon one to preserve one’s health and develop one’s strength while at the same time it will be un-Islamic to resort to such practices which are harmful and injurious to one’s health. Excessive eating, excessive sleeping and excessive indulgence in sexual relations are destructive to one’s health. In the same way, excessive reduction in food and sleep produces physical weakness. ‘3 2. Preparation for Jihad The maintenance of good health, the development of power and bodily strength are important in preparing for Jihad. Even some Muslim scholars had a opinion that one may participate in modern footballs if certain conditions are met and the aim is to build the physical and mental strengthens in preparation for Jihad. 3. Relaxation of the body and mind Most of the Ulama agree that relaxing the mind and body is sanctioned in Islam. This relaxation is beneficial for the individual, in that the object of life which is to worship Allah can be performed more earnestly and with greater devotion. b. Social Benefits 1. Development of Social Skills Football is often accredited with developing social skills in the individual. These include such skills as courtesy, fair play, and teamwork. While this assertion may be true, it has to be pointed out that football is not the only means of acquiring such skills. Following the lifestyle of our Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wasallam) and living an Islamic life from an early age, can inculcate in a Muslim all the social skills that are required. c. Economic Benefits 1. Employment Football has become a major industry due to the level of interest shown by the public. Hence, there are a significant number of people in the world today, who rely totally on football to make a living. Avenues for earning wealth from purely football sources include the sale of tickets, marketing and sale of footballs equipment and clothing, operation of footballs facilities, researching into sport science, and publishing of specialized footballs magazines and journals. Some may say that the income generated from these avenues is not Halal according to the Shariah because this involves sanctioning of the many harms of football. However, it may be argued that a Muslim who sells a bow and arrow, for example, with the intention that the Muslim community may use it to train for Jihad is surely not transgressing any of the laws of Shariah. Harms of football. 1. Exposure of the aurah (parts of the body which has to be necessarily covered). In football there is a considerable amount of exposing the ‘awrah. If it involves exposing the thighs and the people look at them and people are looking at each others thighs, then this is not permissible as the thighs are from the ‘awrah and covering the ‘awrah is obligatory except from the wives and concubines, in accordance with the statement of the prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam):â€Å"Guard your ‘awrah, except from your wife or what your rights hands possess. †The proofs that the thigh is from the ‘awrah are many, from them: what has been verified from imams Maalik, Ahmad, Aboo Daawood, Turmithee, Ibn Hibbaan and al-Haakim from Jarhad al-Aslamee(radi Allaahu ‘anhu) that the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam) passed by him and his thigh was exposed. The prophet (sallallaahualayhi wassallam) said: â€Å"Cover your thigh as it is from the ‘awrah. †4 What has also been verified by Aboo Daawood and others from ‘Alee (radi Allaahu ‘anhu) , the Messenger of Allah said: â€Å"Do not expose your thigh and do not look at the thigh of the living of the dead. †5. If this is known, then looking at other peoples ‘awrah is impermissible yet this is what takes place in football matches today. There is not a match where the thighs are not exposed and the ‘awrah of people are not discussed, this is the case even with female sports! Female can only playing football provided that all the spectator including coach and football stuff are woman. Futhermore, beautiful women appear on the TV screens as advertisements in order to cover the costs of broadcasters or other companies. 2. Foul play. Modern soccer has developed into a war between players. Often, during the course of play, one player purposefully injures another by kicking, tripping and even punching. To prevent a player from a scoring a goal, a defender will use illegal tactics to stop him. This may cause severe physical injury. Can these kinds of barbaric deeds be called sport? 3. Spectator Problems Crowd trouble has become synonymous with football. Within the last 30 years, there have been many cases of crowd violence where scores of spectators have been killed or injured. Soccer hooliganism has become prevalent due to uncivilised behaviour which is closely related to alcohol, music and fanatics. The impulse which stimulates action from a crowd frequently turns a peaceful crowd into a maddened mob where violence, hatred and revenge may prevail. The following examples clearly illustrate the extent of violence and crowd problems associated with football: a. 1964 – More than 300 people were killed and more than 500 were injured in a riot in Lima, Peru after a goal was disallowed in a match between Peru and Argentina. b. 1984 – During the European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus, 39 people were killed and more than 400 were injured due to crowd violence. This was due to rioting Liverpool fans who were drunk and armed with sticks, iron bars and bottles4. c. 1989 – 94 people were killed and about 150 seriously injured during the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. This occurred as thousands of people, some of whom were drunk, began rushing and pushing into the stadium. As a result of the overcrowding, thousands of supporters were crushed into the perimeter fencing, which had been put there to prevent hooligans from invading the pitch5. Apart from these cases, there have been numerous cases of spectators invading the pitch, attacking players and stewards, looting and generally uncivilised behaviour. 4. Football fanatics. Football had becomes a means to divide the ummah and create enemity and hatred between individuals in it, wherein vile partisanship to different sports teams is common. Thus this person encourages and supports one team and that person encourages and supports another, to the extent that the people of one family split up amongst themselves. This one follows a team and that one follows another team and the matter does not stop at mere support for teams, rather the followers of a winning team begin to make sarcastic comments about the losing team and at the end of it is argumentation and scuffling amongst supporters, which leads to people becoming wounded and fighting resulting in people dying, the victims of  football! The organisers of the world cup final between Brazil and Uruguay on July 16 1950 at the Maracanaa stadium in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, were ompelled to make a hole thirteen meters wide and a meter and a half deep to protect the players from the crowds and vice versa8. 5. Zionist conspiration. Football competitions have become destructive elements that are used by the enemies of Islam, as what they encourage attaches honour to the ummah. As now the ummah, in the name of different sports including football, wastes considerable money and time. Instead of the ummah being occupied with beneficial actions and beneficial manufactures, the ummah has become within the rank of developed countries, from the backward nations and countries. Furthermore, the ummah needs to become occupied with the thought of struggling against its enemies, this issue of which is of great importance. Another thing that emphasises this is what is found in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion9 under protocol thirteen: â€Å"In order to keep the masses in misguidance, not knowing what is going on behind or in front of them, we will increase in averting their minds by way of a variety of amusements, humorous games and different types of sports, along with vain talk to nourish their tastes and desires. Furthermore, we hope to increase in the building of fine palaces and beautified structures. We will also produce publications that call to art competitions and sport. † By observing what the magazines and newspapers spread we find amazing figures regarding the fees spent on transferring players from team to team. 36 These figures even reach their tens of thousands not to mention the amount of money spent on coaches, managers, football pitches and broadcasting, and likewise all of the money that the spectators pay. For example, billionaire from Arabic country buy big club such as Manchester City and used the money for player transaction and advertising the club whilst some Islamic country starve and suffer from war. Conclusion It is not said that football is totally unbeneficial at all. Nowaday, Muslim professional football player are increasing especially in Europe region and become key player of a big club. In any condition, they should place their religion as a priority. Sevilla’s player, Freddie Kanoute has showed a very good example of Muslim footballer and role model to other professional player. He fast and play even during ramadhan and donate large portion of his salary for the Muslim charity in his country, Mali10. We also as a Muslim can get involved in football either participating or just watching provided that we had settled and not neglected other important needs as a Muslim such as salah, respecting our parents and have a good relationship with others. One must weigh between benefits and harm before take any action. Muslim football celebration after scoring a goal. Female Muslims also can play football with hijab. References. 1. Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D.†Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code† published in 2003. Journal of Sports Science 21: 693–705. 2. Mufti Ahmed E. Bemat. , Islam and Games,Tadkeshwar, Surat, Gujrat, India, translated into English from Gujrati by Prof Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi, Navsari, Gujrat, India,(1989). 3. (Hadhrat Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi (Rahmatullah alaih), Hayatul Muslimeen, Prepared by Mujlisul Ulama of South Africa, Port Elizabeth, p. 109 ) . 4. Authenticated by al-Bukhaaree in his saheeh (vol.1, 478) ;Ahmad in al-Musnad (volume. 3,478) ; Aboo Daawood in as-sunan,hadeeth no 4014 ; Tirmidhee in al-Jaami’, hadeeth no. 2798; al-Haakim in al-Mustadrak (vol. 4, 180);Ibn Hibbaan in as-Saheeh, hadeeth no. 1710 – al-Ihsaan. 5. Authenticated by Aboo Daawood in as-Sunan, hadeeth no. 3 l40 and no. 4015; Ahmad in al-Musnad (vol. 1, 146). The hadeeth is saheeh. 6. Nawrat, C. , Hutchings, S. , The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football, Hamlyn, London, (1994), pp. 125-269 7. Barrett, Norman. , The Daily Telegraph Football Chronicle, Stanley Paul and Company Limited, London, (1994), pp. 226, 232 8. Nawrat, C. , Hutchings, S. , The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football, Hamlyn, London, (1994), p. 151 9. Daniel Pipes ; Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (The Free Press – Simon & Schuster)(2007) p. 86–87 10. Kanoute balance between football and faith during Ramadhan. www. kickitout. org/952. php (accessed 26 March 2013).

Discuss Zolas use of setting in Chapter one of Thérèse Raquin Essay Example

Discuss Zolas use of setting in Chapter one of Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin Essay Example Discuss Zolas use of setting in Chapter one of Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin Essay Discuss Zolas use of setting in Chapter one of Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin Essay Essay Topic: Literature In the first chapter of the book Thà ©rà ¨se Raquin   Zola creates a detailed description of the setting, creating an atmosphere that is some what less then desirable. We are instantly taken into the bleak dark narrow corridor that runs between the Rue Mazarine and the Rue de Seine. Out of this sinister atmosphere that is created we are then introduced to mysterious characters that dwell in the the darkness that is at home in the middle of the day. Zola creates a tight, claustrophobic, almost suffocating atmosphere, with the narrowness of the arcade; and the stifling dust that clings to everything, sensory images are created with the description of the acrid-smelling damp that seems to linger and encapsulate every section of the narrow passage. There is an overwhelming feeling of oppression throughout the chapter even the sunlight on a fine summers day is described as beating down oppressively. It is not a hospitable place to be and is used as nothing more then a short cut for people who swiftly make there way past the desolate old shops, with no intention of stopping in the menacing ally that looks to be the home of cut-throats. The wall that runs down the passage is personified as having leprous sores and zigzagged with scars thus adding to the threatening atmosphere, and creating and even narrower feel to the passage because the wall is so revolting that if you were to walk down the narrow corridor you would not want to come into any contact with it which limits the already limited space. Zola uses an array of differing dreary colours to describe the objects that reside along the passage du Pont-Neuf. Yellowish flagstones illustrates a sickly discolouration to the stone, it is not even a full colour, it is almost a shadow of what it once was, which fits perfectly in with the surrounding atmosphere as everything is old and weathered and lost amongst the shadows. The thick dust that hangs heavily on all objects is grey and dismal, with strange greenish reflections shining on the merchandise, much like the description of the flagstones the reflections on the merchandise are not strong in colour Zola describes it as being greenish hinting now all vibrancy has been sucked out of the atmosphere leaving it almost like a forgotten world, with the inescapable dominant colour of black that is prevalent throughout. Long flowing sentences are used describing one thing at a time, in extensive detail which helps to create the never ending austere atmosphere. It is almost like once you are in it, it is so confining that there is no possible escape but to keep going forward. There is no rush or urgency in the way that Zola describes the setting in chapter one, he is precise and defuse in his linguistic techniques using comers and semi-colons, however, still manages to create an unnerving atmosphere, where if you were in that position of walking through such a passage would add haste to your step. This is effective because it allows the reader to create a developed image of the scene that is set in their minds eye, and has them longing to discover what unfortunate characters might have to be subjected to living in such a depressing atmosphere. Out of the shadows of one of the narrow shops we are then introduced to three of the characters. Reflecting the mood of their surroundings they too appear to be discoloured and lost beneath the dust and grime. Their house is similar to the outside ally, cold damp, small and depressing. This lack of space can hint that these characters generally feel suffocated, oppressed and trapped, much like all who enter the passage; however, as they live there it is that much more intense, for them there is no light at the end of the passage. They appear to be slaves to their every day routine imprisoned in a gloomy world. The young girl would gaze vacantly at the coarsely rendered wall which reached high up into the sky we are told that she does this regularly and would stand there for a few minutes, this can indicate that she is bored of her surroundings and there is a possibility that she aspires for a way out of the oppressing atmosphere, however, the towering wall trapping her which indicates that there is no real way out, she is forced to exist in the dark, damp dull house, looking out of the grimy windows at the imprisoning wall. From the very beginning the ominous atmosphere that Zola creates indicates that the book would be about a tragedy of some sort with menacing elements that are consistent throughout the book. It prepares the reader for characters that should be similar in some way to the atmosphere that is created creating an element of expectation as to what should happen in the plot.

the empire strikes back essays

the empire strikes back essays A normal, everyday person called Legolas (yes, the elf from LOTR.), who lived in the United States of America, suddenly wakes up by a strange, loud, high pitched sound, with continuously changing frequencies from his window. Fearful, he then goes to his wardrobe and picks up his bow and a couple of arrows and prepares to defend for his life. Shaking with fright he cautiously walks outside where he sees an incredibly small creature walking in a very slow tempo towards to him. It was about the size of a football, with 3 legs and 3 hands and without a head. Then once seeing the creature, Legolas starts screaming with a scared and unstable voice who the h*** are you? What are you doing in my yard? and then the small creature listening to his screaming got more apprehensive and then the alien dude started screaming as well. The creatures voice was so evil and high pitched, that the man couldnt stand it for one second more, so he decided to kill it. Then he aimed the bow at the aliens body and with one quick motion released the arrow. At once a strange very low frequency noise started sounding to his left behind him. So Legolas turned around to see a giant ring shaped spaceship. Then suddenly in the blink of an eye the spaceships door slowly began to open and then out of nowhere bright writing appeared, One Ring to rule them all. One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them. Legolas stood there all confused watching this writing, trying to understand why it appeared here. Why to him? Then the door ful ly opened and to Legolas horror dark figures began to appear. Legolas heart began to beat fast. Faster as these figures got nearer and nearer, Legolas turned and ran and didnt stop till he made it into his house, where he hid from these mysterious dark figures and saved his life. These dark figures made there way away from Legolas&a...

Barbados Essays - Barbados, Portuguese Colonization Of The Americas

Barbados Barbados is a small country located in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Bridgetown with a population of about 8,789. The head of state of Barbados is Queen Elizabeth II and she is represented by General Dame Nita Barrow. The total population of the country is around 252,000. The main language is English and the predominant religion is Christianity. Their date of independence was November 30, 1966. Barbados is the eastern most Caribbean Island. It is about 200 miles North-North East of Trinidad and about 100 miles East- South East of St. Lucia. It is the second smallest country in the Western Hemisphere. The major urban centers in the area include Bridgetown, Speightstown, Oistins, and Holetown. The land is mainly flat except for a series of ridges that rise up to about 1,000 feet and then falling towards the sea. The climate of the region consists of tropical temperatures influenced by the Northeast trade winds. The average annual temperature is approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. The daily temperatures rarely get above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The dry season is cool, while the wet season is slightly warmer. The main rains come during the months of July, August, September, October, and November. The annual average rainfall is 40 inches in the coastal areas and 90 inches in the central areas. The net migration into Barbados is 4.82 per 1000. The annual growth rate is 0.4%, which is one of the lowest in the world. The annual birthrate is 15.45 per 1000, and the annual deathrate is 8.27 per 1000. Barbados ranks fourth in the World in population density with the overall density being 1526 per square mile. The whole island is inhabited, leaving no sparsely populated areas. The main race is Negro, which is about 92% of the population. The remainder of the population is consists of Whites (3.8%), Mulattoes (3.8%), and East Indians (0.4%). About 70% of the population is Anglican. The other 30% belong to various denominations such as Moravian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic. Barbados was once under British control from 1624. Its House of Assembly, which began in 1639, is the third oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere. By the time Britain left in 1966, the island was completely English in culture. The British influence is still seen today in quaint pubs, cricket games on the village greens, and in the common law. Barbados' government is British Parliament. The queen is the head of state and she is represented by the governor general. The governor general appoints an advisory council. The executive authority is the Prime Minister who is Owen Seymour Arthur which came into power on September 6, 1994. The Deputy Prime Minister is Billie Miller who also came into power on September 6, 1994. The democratic government works well in the country. They have had three general elections and one smooth transfer of power from the Democratic Labor Party to the Barbados Labor Party. Barbados carries on trade with other Caribbean nations and does have diplomatic relations with Cuba. Their closest relations are with the United Stated, and the United Kingdom. Barbados joined the United Nations is 1966. The economy of Barbados is one of the 35 upper middle-income countries of the world. They have a free-market economy, but the dominant sector is private. Their economy is based on sugar and tourism, but the government has encouraged a policy of diversification in order to achieve a more stable nation. They also depend on a light manufacturing industry. Their monetary unit is the Barbados dollar. The coins are made in 1, 5, 10, and 25 cents. The paper money is made in 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 dollar bills. One U.S. dollar is equal to 2.01 Barbados dollar (1975). About 60% of the land is cropland. The agriculture industry employs 7.4% of the labor force and contributes about 8.7% to the Gross Domestic Product. Sugarcane makes up over half the acreage. Bananas are also grown, but only on a limited scale. Sea island cotton is also grown. All of the farmers are required by regulations to plant at least 12% of their arable land with some food crop. Barbados' natural resources include petroleum, fishing, and natural gas. The fishing industry employs about 2,500 people and 500 small boats. Their are no natural forests in the country. Manufacturing contributes about 11.2% to the GDP. Manufacturing and mining employ about 18.9% of the labor force. The majority of the industrial establishments are engaged in some form of sugar processing. Sugar is the principal export. The principal imports include machinery, motor vehicles, lumber, and

Presentation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Presentation paper - Essay Example The company’s initial base of operations comprised of a basement of a Cadillac dealership. It needs to be mentioned that over the course of time, the company focused on the process of expanding its business operations. It can be said that the focus is largely on the lines of opening offices in various downtown locations. It needs to be mentioned that in order to keep the business model simple in the initial years, the company largely focused on the process of operating on the lines of the off airport locations. It can be said that in the year 1962, the company entered the daily market for rentals for the purpose of responding to the growing consumer demand. It needs to be mentioned that from the very early days, the company expanded its business operations by the process of opening offices in various neighbourhood locations. It can be said that the offices of the company in the multiple neighbourhood locations were operated through the process of providing high level of autono my to the highly entrepreneurial teams that are managing the respective locations. Strategy It needs to be mentioned that the company Enterprise Rent A Car is in the business of providing automobile services to the clients and customers. The company is a part of the US Automobile Rental industry and it is highly important to mention that there are multiple competitors of varying dimensions and strengths that exist in the particular sector. This automatically makes the auto rental sector largely competitive in nature. It needs to be mentioned that the company has adopted a string of strategies to attain growth in this particular sector. Firstly it needs to be mentioned that the company has focused on the process of targeting various market segments. As per the information provided in the passage, the company’s prime focus was originally the off airport and down town locations, where the needs of the masses was mainly to avail alternate and replacement vehicles in the case and event of unavailability of their own vehicles. Later, it can be said that the company focused on diversifying its operations in to airport locations. Also, as a part of the competitive growth strategy, the company focused on the process of entering different segments of the market by providing services related to carpooling, sales of high quality used automobiles, renting of trucks as well as operating on international locations. It also needs to be mentioned that in order to provide support to the customers, which was one of the key operational motto of the company, the company also used the strategy to operate and generate growth from the company’s locations related to selling of used cars and vehicles by tying up with various financial institutions. Score Card Talking on the issues of the factor of score card, it can be said that the focus is largely on the lines of providing auto rental services while providing high level of customer satisfaction to the users. It needs to be mentioned that one of the prime focus of the company’s values is to guarantee high level of customer satisfaction. It needs to be mentioned that the company attempted to measure the effectiveness of a recent delivered ad campaign. It is interesting to measure that while trying to gauge the effectiveness of the ad campaign, the focus is largely on the lines of assessing the satisfaction level provided by the customer service of the company. It was found that the experience of the customer serv

Social work methods in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social work methods in practice - Essay Example This became the basis of therapeutic work; the use of physical surroundings and how people related to others to tackle psychological problems. (Anning et al, 2006) There are a number of procedures that may be followed when a social work is carrying out therapeutic work. Some of these include creation of an approachable and comfortable which allows the child to open up easily. The therapist must not hold any inhibitions or preconceived notions about the child for critical work. It is also imperative to ensure all feelings are read promptly and necessary action taken in response to these feelings. A social worker must not underestimate the child's capacity to resolve his/her own struggles. Children must be allowed to express themselves freely without the social worker trying to steer the conversation in a certain direction. Ample time should also be given to the therapeutic session so that all the underlying aspects of the problem are uncovered. Lastly, the social worker must ensure that some boundaries have been sent because children need boundaries to make them feel protected. Boundaries also reinforce the child's feelings of trust towards the social worker. One should also ensure that they let the child know that whatever the child is confiding in them will remain confidential. (Beckett and Walker, 2004) The model is Why the model is a form of good working practise The model is appropriate because it has shown a good share of results. In a study done on some children who had been institutionalised and then taken through therapeutic care, it was found that majority of the children did not go back to the institution and showed positive result in their behaviour. (Trevithick, 2006) Research has also shown that children who undergo therapy when displaying symptoms of constant delinquency have less chances of being confined. These children have also been reported to showing fewer outbursts or they do so in fewer days than before they started the therapy. This model of social work is also good working practise because it deals with children exhibiting socially deviant behaviour. It has resulted in less chance of children running away from their homes especially those who have been adopted. Lastly, the model helps children with low self esteem because it makes them feel important. It also helps children who lack a self identity. Through the interactions between the child and the social worker, definition of what determines a child's identity are set and it becomes possible for the child to be able to relate well with all the people surrounding them. This is due to the fact that a chid will be able to relate well with all other people surrounding them. (Trevithick, 2006) Advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic work with children Advantages This model is quite flexible. It allows children to express themselves in an environment that is natural and free t them. Such an environment has always been accredited with giving good results as it breaks down barriers between the social worker and the child. This flexibility does not in any way compromise the centre of the method. This is because there are a number of limits and boundaries that are set by the counsellor and children are able to work within these limits. (Hill, 1999) The method has a strong theoretical basis. It is important for a model to merge theoretical values with a practical approach. This

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 4 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 4 Case Assignment - Essay Example There are no things present in a corporation that are not part of the culture. All things are. Now, that may mean that they negatively affect or positively affect the culture but they are still part of it. The culture consists of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of social and ethnic groups as well as patterns of language, dress, eating habits, activities of daily living, and attitudes. It also includes attitudes toward other culture, health beliefs and values, spiritual beliefs or religious orientation and attitudes toward children, women, men, marriage, education, work and recreation (Chitty & Black, 2007). As one can see culture is all that we are personally as well as corporately. Organizational culture is a cross-section of all of the cultures that its employees bring with them. National culture is just that. For example, the United States has a totally different culture than Mexico but a Mexican-American organization has a culture that is part of both cultures brought by the employees and blended. Corporate culture is a" set of common understandings of meanings that are shared by a group or system of knowledge, standards and beliefs."(au.af) All employees are affected by the overall corporate culture. However, employees and managers are different subcultures of the corporate culture. The management staff have a culture of their own in which they have behaviors that are expected of them, values that they believe in and assumptions that they make. The same holds true of employees. The working staff is a combination of the two in which there is a blending of the managements beliefs and the employees beliefs. In the Culture Crash case study there were some truly important differences in the cultures of the management staff and the employees. In this case the cultures were so different that the employees did not know what to expect when the merger first happened. However, eventually they merged into the culture provided and

Capstone Experience (SWOT Analysis and Strategic Scorecard) Clairol Assignment

Capstone Experience (SWOT Analysis and Strategic Scorecard) Clairol Company 1 - Assignment Example According to Doyle and Bridgewater (2010), the main focus on the confectionery gives them an upper hand in understanding the consumers in the various segments better. The achievement of various acquisitions gave it the opportunity to expand into other markets like Vietnam (Doyle and Bridgewater 2010). P&G has less exposure in the other markets and therefore it will faces difficulty in understanding the new emerging markets compared to its competitors. The release of a high number of brands at the same time also makes it hard for the management to concentrate on the performance of a particular brand within the market. There are new markets with great opportunities that exist and expand into the emerging markets such as India where the population is on the rise. There is an increase of consumer wealth and an increase in the demand for confectionery products thus an increase in the amount of profits (Doyle and Bridgewater, 2012). The markets the company operates have a high rate of acquisitions and merger currently, and there are opportunities that exist to raise market share by means of planned purchases. This will also boost the level of profits at P & G. Increase in the level of efficiency and reduction of costs is the main route to survival within the FMCG market. P & G’s plan towards cost efficiency leads to saving of costs through moving production to countries that have cheaper raw materials and reduce the internal costs The large quantities of goods that need proper storage and management are high in number, but there have been inadequate methods of handling the goods. Thus, some end up getting spoilt in the process resulting to a big loss to the organization since the products will not reach the end users (Percy and Giles, 2007). This paper, therefore, looks into the warehousing process. The demand for the products within the cost environment has increased. This is an

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Animal Farm - Essay Example Manipulation is one of the tactics utilized by Napoleon to rule the farm. He distorts the true events and changes statements and therefore, keeps the other animals in dark to prevent them from knowing the truth and fighting. The alteration in the principles of Animalism serves as a perfect example. According to the initial stand, all animals were to be treated as same but later the pigs write a new statement which reads, â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† (Orwell 1954). This principle is displayed on the farm to explain to the other animals that the pigs enjoyed greater rights and they were not to be questioned on their acts. Thus, they distort the original dream of Animal Farm and opt for providing greater space for the pigs for the continuation of their rule. Napoleon uses his power to prevent the animals from questioning his rule. He trains a force of dogs for the implementation of his laws and he even issues orders for killings those animals that are not loyal to him. The authority and the fear of the dogs is seen in these lines, â€Å"they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.†(Orwell 1954). The animals were under threat and they feared for their life owing to which they remained passive and faced all the brutalities that were imposed on them. Thus, force is a factor used by Napoleon to keep his hold on the farm. Napoleon tries to keep the animals as busy as he can and prevents them from learning. He does this to ensure the fact that the animals do not get enough time to think of other problems and so that they cannot realize the fact that they are being ruled and mistreated at the hands of the pigs. â€Å"Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness,

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 4 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 4 Case Assignment - Essay Example There are no things present in a corporation that are not part of the culture. All things are. Now, that may mean that they negatively affect or positively affect the culture but they are still part of it. The culture consists of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of social and ethnic groups as well as patterns of language, dress, eating habits, activities of daily living, and attitudes. It also includes attitudes toward other culture, health beliefs and values, spiritual beliefs or religious orientation and attitudes toward children, women, men, marriage, education, work and recreation (Chitty & Black, 2007). As one can see culture is all that we are personally as well as corporately. Organizational culture is a cross-section of all of the cultures that its employees bring with them. National culture is just that. For example, the United States has a totally different culture than Mexico but a Mexican-American organization has a culture that is part of both cultures brought by the employees and blended. Corporate culture is a" set of common understandings of meanings that are shared by a group or system of knowledge, standards and beliefs."(au.af) All employees are affected by the overall corporate culture. However, employees and managers are different subcultures of the corporate culture. The management staff have a culture of their own in which they have behaviors that are expected of them, values that they believe in and assumptions that they make. The same holds true of employees. The working staff is a combination of the two in which there is a blending of the managements beliefs and the employees beliefs. In the Culture Crash case study there were some truly important differences in the cultures of the management staff and the employees. In this case the cultures were so different that the employees did not know what to expect when the merger first happened. However, eventually they merged into the culture provided and

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Animal Farm - Essay Example Manipulation is one of the tactics utilized by Napoleon to rule the farm. He distorts the true events and changes statements and therefore, keeps the other animals in dark to prevent them from knowing the truth and fighting. The alteration in the principles of Animalism serves as a perfect example. According to the initial stand, all animals were to be treated as same but later the pigs write a new statement which reads, â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† (Orwell 1954). This principle is displayed on the farm to explain to the other animals that the pigs enjoyed greater rights and they were not to be questioned on their acts. Thus, they distort the original dream of Animal Farm and opt for providing greater space for the pigs for the continuation of their rule. Napoleon uses his power to prevent the animals from questioning his rule. He trains a force of dogs for the implementation of his laws and he even issues orders for killings those animals that are not loyal to him. The authority and the fear of the dogs is seen in these lines, â€Å"they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.†(Orwell 1954). The animals were under threat and they feared for their life owing to which they remained passive and faced all the brutalities that were imposed on them. Thus, force is a factor used by Napoleon to keep his hold on the farm. Napoleon tries to keep the animals as busy as he can and prevents them from learning. He does this to ensure the fact that the animals do not get enough time to think of other problems and so that they cannot realize the fact that they are being ruled and mistreated at the hands of the pigs. â€Å"Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness,

Relflection Paper Essay Example for Free

Relflection Paper Essay When enrolling into a new class, it is normal to have expectations. I am excited and nervous at the same time. I understand that the upcoming semester will provide many challenges I will have to face. I am excited to see how I will grow academically over the course of the semester. I find myself eager about learning new things and refreshing my knowledge on things I have forgotten. It has been a long time since I have studied the growth and development of humans. I have strengths to bring to this class as well as weaknesses that I plan to work on during this class. By the end of this course I expect to be able to apply what I learn in counseling and become a better writer. While this class will be more stimulating than what I have been used to I hope that with the help of my classmates and my professor I can make this class a positive learning experience. During my undergraduate career, I took many psychology classes involving the human development. In one of my undergraduate classes, Lifespan Development, we went through the lifespan of people from birth until death. I took this class online and the class involved a lot of self-teaching. Because the class was online, assignments consisted of mostly online tests. While I learned a lot, I do not feel as if I learned all that I could. I am looking forward to taking this class on a more challenging level and having a deeper understanding in human growth and development. One of my biggest weaknesses is engaging in class discussions and presentations. Although I have an extroverted personality, I am very shy when it comes presentations. It takes time for me to get comfortable speaking in front a group of people. While doing presentations and engaging in class discussions, I get very nervous. In this class, a big part of my grade comes from this. Therefore, in this class I expect to get over my fear of public speaking. I hope that with the help of my professor I gain confidence about speaking in front of groups of people. I want to be able to take what I have learned in this class, apply it to counseling and also have a better understanding of what I have learned. This class will be an introduction of what to look forward to for the next three years. I am not used to writing papers and having to do so much reflective thinking. I believe this experience will help me become a better writer. In order for me to achieve all of my expectations, it is important that my professor help me when I need it, challenge me and give me constructive critism. In addition, if I want to take all that I can from this class it is imperative for me to give this class all that I have and spend time reading and completing my projects. I know that during this semester, there will be challenges but with the instruction of my professor, I plan to grow in my profession.

Soviet Union Private Enterprises and Economics

Soviet Union Private Enterprises and Economics When we talk about the Soviet Union, many of us imagine a largely monolithic structure, in which most of the processes were controlled from the centre, with very little initiative from the side of common people. This stereotype is especially strong regarding the economy. After all, it was officially called â€Å"planned,† which suggested that all production was owned and regulated by the state. However, it may come as a surprise that during the first half of the USSR’s life, private enterprise played a large role in everyday life of Soviet citizens. Furthermore, during the birth and development of Soviet Union, non-government owned companies completely legally produced a large variety of consumer goods. Most of these were small-size individual entrepreneurships and cooperatives, as opposed to large industrial complexes operated by the state. That small-scale private production supported the government-owned heavy industry, and was largely beneficial for the country and the people of USSR. It provided many goods and services to the people which the state-owned companies couldn’t provide. Surprisingly, private entrepreneurship has always been a part of Soviet economy, and furthermore, it provided a substantial part of foodstuffs and consumer goods to the society. The first topic to be discussed is the period that begins at the end of the civil war, when the Soviet system was finally dominant and its leaders had to commence post-war restoration. The economy of this period was largely characterized by the NEP – New Economic Policy. It primarily influenced agriculture, replacing â€Å"War Communism,† which involved direct food requisitioning, with food tax. Moreover, individuals were allowed to operate small private companies, while heavy industry and financial institutions remained under the state rule. The state economy, guided by the directive principles of War Communism, was unable to meet the demand for goods, especially agricultural ones, which was proven by the famine of 1921, during which six million people died. As a result, food requisitioning ended, and private business had to be allowed, which helped to alleviate economic hardship for many people. An objection may be raised that the policy was highly controversial both with the people and the government, and that it met resistance in higher circles. Furthermore, it gave birth to a new class of nouveau-riche â€Å"nepmen,† owners of small companies, who were seen by most people as little more than capitalists against whom they have been fighting all that time. The Party was indeed discontent with the development, seeing it as an abandonment of the principles of Socialism – according to the History Learning Site (2014), not only it meant abandoning planned economy, it also presented a threat of eventual restoration of full-scale capitalism (par. 9, 10). However, the argument here is not whether the policy corresponded with the ideological principles, but whether it was efficient or not. And the answer here is definitely yes – the NEP was very successful, allowing agriculture to restore itself to 75% of the pre-revolution level and staving off the fear of famine. It also contributed to the development of the light industry, stimu lating the demand for consumer goods (par. 12). This shows that during that period, private production contributed significantly to the wellbeing of population. Lenin has famously said on NEP â€Å"we are taking one step backwards to later take two steps forward,† and called War Communism â€Å"a grievous error,† which shows that he could modify the theory based on real-world experience, and understood the necessity of having private production, even if it was small-scale. The next stage went on from 1930 to 1960, and encompassed industrialization, Second World War, and postwar restoration. While NEP was cancelled, it did not mean that private initiative was restricted. Surprisingly, Stalin allowed much leeway for independent producers – many of them existed in a â€Å"gray area†, viewed with suspicion by authorities, but not restricted. The manufacturing and service sector remained relatively free, and people were allowed to have their own plots of land to grow food on, which they later would sell on peasants’ markets. According to Jan S. Prybyla (1961), â€Å"In 1956 the individual plots accounted for 67% of the gross output of potatoes, 87% of the output of eggs, 57% of the milk production, 55% of the output of meat, and about 42% of the production of vegetables.†(p. 218) And according to Frederick A. Leedy (1957), in 1954 independent cooperatives â€Å"manufactured 35% of furniture, 56% of iron dishes, 22% of metal beds , 45% of primus stoves, and 31% of felt boots. (p. 1067) Small businesses, such as barbershops and seamstresses, were also legal, as well as cooperatively-owned larger companies, which provided the majority of consumer goods, such as furniture and clothes. Julie Hessler (1998) asserts that many cooperatives were in fact covers for private entrepreneurs, who made massive profits from the activities. In 1948, most of them were arrested, or had their licenses revoked, however. (p. 539) Despite that, during Stalin’s era, independent production and trade were strongly developed, and Soviet people â€Å"spent between one-third and one-half of their incomes on the legal free market in all but few years of Stalin’s rule.† (p. 516) Even during the war that practice continued, with local authorities largely tolerating small-scale trade. (p. 523) This proves that, during this stage, independent production and free trade did play a large role in the lives of Soviet citizens . It can be argued, however, that the contribution of private producers to the economy was very small, and did not influence it in any significant way. After all, the individual producers constituted a very small share of total labour force – 1-2 million out of 60-80 million. (Leedy, p. 1066) This, however, ignores the fact that in regard to consumer goods and foodstuffs, independent producers accounted for a large share of production – from 22% to as high as 87%, as stated earlier. Possible explanation for this is that most people employed by the government worked in heavy industry sector, while in the light industry sector, share of independent producers was higher. Thus, private production did have significant influence on the economy. The third stage, however, which started from the 1960s, was characterized by the restriction of almost all private initiative, and nationalization of all non-government companies and land. That, in turn, gave birth to a widespread deficit of consumer goods, stagnation of the system, which could not develop without initiative, rising discontent, and, eventually, collapse. However, just because private enterprise was outlawed, doesn’t mean that it disappeared. Because state-owned companies produced consumer goods in insufficient quantity and inferior quality, people started looking for foreign goods to satisfy their needs. That period was characterized by increasing size of black and gray economy, with people semi-legally or illegally trying to acquire goods which they couldn’t find in stores. Eventually, as deficit for consumer goods became more prevalent, black market and informal economy have turned into a daily feature of Soviet life. At that point, a counterargument may be raised that the deficit was caused primarily by technological development and by increasing demand for more sophisticated goods, and not by restriction of private entrepreneurship. As standards of living increased, along with technology level, people started demanding more advanced goods in large amounts, which the economy couldn’t have provided even if private production had been left unrestricted. However, it doesn’t explain the deficit for foodstuffs, or for basic goods, such as furniture and clothing, from one-third to one-half of which were provided by independent producers in the 50s with no noticeable deficit (Leedy, p. 1067). Thus, it still means that Soviet economy of that period was inadequate to the task of providing basic consumer goods that were demanded. So naturally, people turned to black market. Due to its secretive nature, it is almost impossible to accurately calculate its penetration, and only a rough approximation can be given. As Lucille Be audry and Luc Duhamel explain (1984), by the 80s the black market has â€Å"completely integrated in Soviet system,† and it would not have been possible to curb it except by liberalizing the economy (p. 102). This proves that, even when the economy was under total control of the State, people still participated massively in independent trade. But the restriction of commerce had even further-reaching consequences. The shadow economy which arose as a result of private entrepreneurship being made illegal carried numerous problems: not only was it hard to combat, but it also degraded the respect for the system by common people, who had to engage in illegal activities just to satisfy their basic necessities. That, in turn, was one of the reasons that led to the eventual collapse of Soviet Union and replacement of its state-controlled economy by a free-market one. The first periods in life of Soviet Union were more repressive, but also, paradoxically, more economically free. Small-scale private production, like aforementioned barbershops and personal plots of land, allowed the system to develop more vigorously than it would have been possible otherwise. Along with political liberalization in the 50s, the economy was centralized, which eventually caused its demise. While this is an unexpected development, it also provides something to think about. On one hand, on the basis of these findings, it can be argued that market is important for any country, even the ones with planned economy, and that it is simply impossible to regulate all production from one center. Fate of other socialist countries seems to reinforce that conclusion – especially China, which, since the adoption of free market, demonstrates incredible rates of growth. Even in North Korea, the most restrictive country in the world, the government tolerates small-scale trade and private production. But on the other hand, it tells us something about effectiveness of government control in certain spheres of economy. After all, Soviet heavy industry was remarkably successful, and large-scale projects, such as nuclear power plants, hydroelectric stations, and spaceports, were built by the state. It should be noted that nuclear energetics and space exploration are the spheres which are still predominantly under the control of governments, even in such economically liberalized countries as the United States. In any case, we should study the history of Soviet Union carefully and without any bias, if we want to understand its experience and apply that knowledge to our current problems. Sources: Jan S. Prybyla, â€Å"Private Enterprise in Soviet Union†. South African Journal of Economics, Volume 29, Issue 3, page 218, September 1961. New Economic Policy. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Web. Lucille Beaudry, Luc Duhamel, â€Å"The Causes of the Black Market Phenomenon in the U.S.S.R.†. Studies in Political Economy, Volume 13, page 102, 1984. Julie Hessler, â€Å"A Postwar Perestroika? Toward a History of Private Enterprise in the USSR†. Slavic Review, Vol. 57, No. 3, autumn 1998. Frederick A. Leedy, â€Å"Producers’ cooperatives in the Soviet Union†. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 80, No. 9, September 1957.

Costa Rica Essay -- essays research papers

Costa Rica, a country of Central America, covers an area of 19,730 square miles. The capital is San Josà ©. Extending from northwest to southeast, Costa Rica is bounded on the north by Nicaragua, along its 185-mile northeastern coastline by the Caribbean Sea, on the southeast by Panama, and along its 630-mile southwestern coastline by the Pacific Ocean. Costa Rica has a narrow Pacific coastal region that rises abruptly into central highlands. The highlands, forming the rugged backbone of the country, descend much more gradually toward the generally wider Caribbean (Atlantic) Plain. The Pacific coast is generally lowland in character, and, like the Caribbean coast, it is lined with white sandy beaches. The country has made use of its beautiful beaches by making them a huge tourist attraction. People from all over the world visit Costa Rica for that reason. About one-fifth of the country lies less than 400 feet above sea level. There is a continuous volcanic mountain chain (called the Cordillera Volcà ¡nica) stretching from the Nicaraguan border in the northwest to form the Meseta Central heartland of the country. Costa Rica played a role in the federation of Central American states from 1823 to 1838 and is a member of the Organization of Central American States. Of the states that have been partners in these two enterprises, Costa Rica is the most Spanish in character and is generally regarded as having the most stable government and economy. In 1998, Costa Rica’s populatio...

Daucus carota - Origins and New Directions :: Botany

Daucus carota - Origins and New Directions Daucus carota (carrots) are one of the more commonly used vegetables in the western world. A member of the parsley family (Umbelliferae) which includes caraway, celery, dill, and parsnips, the history of the carrot is somewhat obscure. The potential for enhancing the nutritional value and consumption of carrots, however, may be very promising. Carrots are high in beta-carotene, an anti-oxidant carotenoid that is the carotenoid compound most readily converted to vitamin A when consumed by animals. Carrots likely originated in the near east and central Asia, from Afghanistan to northwest India, where they were probably cultivated for at least 3,000 years. Carrots may have originally become domesticated through the discarding of the propagating structures after the vegetative structures were consumed. The potential of the remains to continue growth is high. Therefore, it is possible that the disposal of these vegetable tops in garbage heaps may have allowed for colonization of the area and subsequent domestication (Rindos, 1984). Very early evidence of the consumption of carrots also has been found in prehistoric Swiss lake dwellings (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). The original wild-type carrots were thin, wiry, and varied in color from white to purple, but not the common orange that we see today. Wild-type carrots are also known as Queen Anne's Lace. The origin of the name is based upon an English legend. Supposedly, when the future Queen Anne arrived from Denmark to became the queen of King James I of England, wild carrot was still a novelty in the royal gardens. The legend states that Queen Anne challenged the ladies of the court to a contest to see who could produce a pattern of lace as lovely as the flower of the carrot. The ladies knew that no one could rival the queen's handiwork so it became a triumph for Anne (Haughton, 1978). Other common names for wild carrot are bird's-nest and devil's-plague. Mutations led to changes in the pigmentation. Both the purple and yellow-orange varieties migrated to the Mediterranean where they responded well to cultivation and selection (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). Carrots were recognized as one of the plants in the garden of the Egyptian king Merodach-Baladan in the eighth century B.C. The carrot's use was believed to to be limited during this time and throughout the rise of the Greek and Roman civilizations (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). Both the Greeks and the Romans were believed to have used carrots for medicinal purposes (Herfruit S.

Economies Of Scale Scope Essay

Economies of Scope: An economic theory stating that the average total cost of production decreases as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced. For example, McDonalds can produce both hamburgers and French fries at a lower average cost than what it would cost two separate firms to produce the same goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries share the use of food storage, preparation facilities, and so forth during production. Another example is a company such as Proctor & Gamble, which produces hundreds of products from razors to toothpaste. They can afford to hire expensive graphic designers and marketing experts who will use their skills across the product lines. Because the costs are spread out, this lowers the average total cost of production for each product. Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (unit) costs of production. Here are some examples of how economies of scale work: Technical economies of scale: Large-scale businesses can afford to invest in expensive and specialist capital machinery. For example, a supermarket chain such as Tesco or Sainsbury’s can invest in technology that improves stock control. It might not, however, be viable or cost-efficient for a small corner shop to buy this technology. Specialisation of the workforce Larger businesses split complex production processes into separate tasks to boost productivity. By specialising in certain tasks or processes, the workforce is able to produce more output in the same time.

What can David do about his position in relation to the other partners?

Introduction In considering what rights David has in respect of the other partners, it will first need to be determined whether a partnership has actually been created. For a partnership to be created two or more persons must conduct business with a view to profit. Partnerships are defined under s. 1(1) Partnership Act (PA) 1890 as a â€Å"relation subsisting between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit†. Since David, Clive and Jane have all started a business in advertising with a view to profit; it is evident that a partnership has been created. As a partnership agreement has not been created by the partners, the partnership will be governed by the PA 1890. David will thus be able to rely on the PA 1890 in order to establish his rights and duties. It is contained within s. 19 PA 1890 that â€Å"the mutual rights and duties of partners whether ascertained by agreement or defined by this Act may be varied by the consent of all of the partners, and such consent may be either express or inferred from a course of dealing†.[1] Therefore, the rights and duties of David will have been capable of being varied with the mutual consent of all the partners. As the partners do not have a partnership agreement in place, it is clear that they have not varied the terms of their rights and duties that are contained under the Act. Given that a partnership is based upon the mutual trust of all the partners, they each owe a duty of good faith. This has been exemplified in the case of Const v Harris[2] when it was held by Lord Eldon that; â€Å"in all partnerships, whether it is expressed in the deed or not, the partners are bound to be true and faithful to each other†. Therefore, each partner must be required to act in the interests of the partnership as a whole and not in the interests of themselves. As Jane is a director of a company that runs corporate events, called Eventbright Ltd, which has been regularly used by the partners, it is questionable whether Jane is acting in the interests of the partnership. This is because Jane may only be using Eventbright Ltd in order to increase profits in her own company. This can be seen in Trimble v Goldberg[3] where it was made clear that all partners must act in good faith for the benefit of the partnership. There are three requirements that must be fulfilled by the partners when acting in good faith of the partnership. These are; 1) the duty to disclose information, 2) the duty to account for benefits received, and 3) the duty in respect of competing business.[4] Whether the latter two duties are being fulfilled by Jane is debatable. This is because Jane may be benefiting from using her company to which she is a director in order to gain profits (s. 29 PA 1890) and her company may be considered a competing business (s. 30 PA 1890). If this is the case, Jane will be required to disclose this information to the other partners and must account for and pay over to the firm all profits made by her. In respect of the restrictions Jane and Clive want to impose upon David’s work, it is likely that David will be able to assert his rights contained under s. 24 PA 1890. Here, it provided that; every partner may take part in the business (24(5)) and that decisions are to be taken by a majority but unanimity is required to change the nature of the business (24(8)). David may therefore take part in the business, yet because Jane and Clive have suggested he take a more administrative role, it is arguable whether this will be sufficient. This is because Clive and Jane will be capable of making a majority decision as to how the business is being run, although they cannot change the nature o f the business without David’s consent. In effect, David may not be able to oppose the decision that is being made by Clive and Jane as they will be able to take a majority vote as to how they think the business should be run. And, if they feel that it is in the best interests of the business, then David may not have any right to argue against this unless they acted in bad faith or attempted to change the nature of the business. If David is not happy with the new arrangements, he may be capable of bringing the partnership to an end. This can be done by giving notice to the other partners (s. 26 and 32 PA 1890). If David decides to bring the partnership to an end, any partner will have the right to publicly notify the dissolution (s. 37 PA 1890). After the partnership has been dissolved, each partner will be entitled to have the partnership property applied so that the debts and liabilities can be discharged. Once this has been done, any surplus will be distributed equally between the partners. Because not all property is partnership property, a distinction will have to be made between personal and partnership property as personal property will not be able to help meet partnership debts (s. 20 PA 1890). Overall, it seems as though David may not be able to oppose the decision of Clive and Jane to restrict his work to more clerical and administrative matters. If David is not happy with this decision he may be able to bring the partnership to an end by giving notice to the partners. Once this has been done, the partnership property will be distributed equally between all three partners. What is the partnership propertyWhy does it matter? The amount of money and property the partners have contributed to the partnership to use in the enterprise is known as partnership capital.[5] This represents the partner’s equity in the partnership and has noted in Reed v Young[6]; â€Å"The capital of a partnership is the aggregate of the contributions made by the partners. It is important to distinguish between the capital of a partnership, a fixed sum, on the one hand and its assets, which may vary from day to day and include everything belonging to the firm having any money value, on the other.† Partnership capital is thereby distinguished from partnership property which is the property that has been acquired by the partnership. This includes a transfer of property to; a) the partnership in its name, b) one of the partners in their capacity as partnership, or c) one of the partners indicating their capacity as a partner.[7] It is vital that partners indicate their intent as to whether the property is to be consider ed capital or property as this will determine who is entitled to the property once the partnership is dissolved. If the property is partnership capital, then the individuals will be entitled to take their share of the property.[8] If the property is partnership property, then the property will be distributed equally between the partners. As pointed out by Lord Andrews LCJ in McClelland v Hyde[9]; â€Å"the capital of a partnership is something different from its property or its assets†. 20(1) PA 1890 states that partnership property includes â€Å"property originally brought into the partnership stock or acquired for the purposes and in the course of the partnership business†. It is important for partners to specify what property belongs to whom in order to avoid any undesirable consequences. The original owners of the property may not be entitled to recover the property in the event that the partnership comes to an end.[10] On the insolvency or bankruptcy of a partnership, there are two sets of creditors; joint and separate. The partnerships assets are referred to as the â€Å"joint estate† in the Insolvency Act 1986 (as amended by the Insolvent Partnerships Order 1994 (SI 1994 2421)) and are used in the first instance to pay the partnerships creditors. If an asset increases in value, the increase will belong to the firm if the asset is partnership property. If the asset is owned by the individual partner, then the increase will belong to the individu al.[11] As a partnership does not have its own separate legal entity, partnerships cannot own property in its own name. Instead, partnership property will be held in the names of the individual partners who will be deemed to be holding the property in their names as agents for the purposes of, and as trustees for, the partnership as shown in Burdick v Garrick[12] where property held on trust for the partners was considered partnership property. There is also a presumption, unless expressly stated otherwise, that partnership property is held by partners as tenants’ in common and not as joint tenants (except for land; s. 39(4) Law of Property Act 1925). This was evidenced in Bathhurst v Scarborough[14] when it was noted that the general rule is that property bought with partnership money belongs to the partnership and will be held by the partners as tenants in common. The accounts of the partnership will usually make it clear which assets are to be considered partnership property and which assets are merely individual property that is to be used by the partnership as in Barton v Morris[15] where it was clear from the partnership’s accounts which assets were to be treated as partnership and individual property. In the instant scenario it would appear as though the office equipment and stationary is partnership property, whilst the rest of the partner’s assets are personal property. However, because there i s no partnership agreement in place that specifies which separates the assets between ‘partnership property’ and ‘partnership capital’ it seems as though s. 20(1) PA 1890 will apply. This means that all of the property that has been brought into the partnership stock will also be called partnership property. This has been recognised by Deards who stated that; â€Å"property brought into the partnership stock will cover property brought in as capital by a partner†.[16] Nevertheless, because s.21 of PA 1890 provides that property brought with the partnership’s money is presumed to have been brought for the partnership, any property that is itemised in the partnerships accounts will be deemed partnership property. This suggests that if the property is not itemised in the partnerships accounts and is merely being used by the partnership, then in the absence of any agreement by the partners, the use of any property by the partners will not be regar ded as partnership property.[17] Consequently, if any of the assets are not itemised in the partnerships accounts it cannot be said that they will be classed as partnership property. In Waterer v Waterer[18], however, the use of land was considered partnership property because of the nature of the partnership. In effect, unless David’s assets are itemised in the partnerships accounts, they will not be considered partnership property. The premises by which the company operates will most likely be considered partnership property in light of the Waterer v Waterer[19] case, whilst the use of Eventbright Ltd will not be. Any assets that are considered partnership property will be shared equally between the partners. Bibliography Books E Deards., Practice Notes on Partnership Law, (Cavendish Publishing, Business & Economics, 1999). E MacIntyre., Business Law, (Essex: Pearson, 6th Edition, 2012). R Mann., Essentials of Business Law and the Legal Environment, (London: Cengage Learning, Business & Economics, 2009). Journals K Killington., ‘Partnerships – All Are Equal?’ (2008) Tax Journal, Issue 916, 14-16. P Beasang., ‘Partnerships: Legal Issues’ (2008) Tax Journal, Issue 916, 13-14. T M Lewin., ‘What is Partnership Property?’ (2011) [25 July, 2014]. Legislation Partnership Act 1890 Case Law Barton v Morris [1985] 1 WLR 1257 Bathhurst v Scarborough [2004] EWCA Civ 411 Brown v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1965] AC 244 Burdick v Garrick (1869-1870) LR 5 Ch App 233 Const v Harris (1924) Turn & R 496 McClelland v Hyde [1997] 3 All ER 800, CA Reed v Young [1984] STC 38, 57-58 Trimble v Goldberg [1906] AC 494, PC Waterer v Waterer (1872-73) 15 LR Eq 402